Health numeracy in Japan: measures of basic numeracy account for framing bias in a highly numerate population

Table 4 Difference in framing bias between low and high performance groups for each numeracy measure

Group (n)^a	Schwartz-J		Lipkus-J⁹
	Low (119)	High (181)	Low (139)	High (161)
Numeracy score (Median ± IQR)	2 ± 1	3	7 ± 2	9
Difference in rated risk (mean ± SD)^b	−0.22 ± 0.85	−0.02 ± 0.81	−0.22 ± 0.89	−0.00 ± 0.78

^an, number of respondents in each group.
^bDifference in rated risk was calculated as the difference between survival-rate frame scores and death-rate frame scores. Scores between subgroups were compared using non-parametric methods, but means are presented because median scores did not show differences between sub-groups.

ISSN: 1472-6947