Table 1 Comparison of baseline characteristics of admissions to the intensive care unit pre- and post-computerized physician order entry (CPOE) implementation in four different periods: 24 months pre- vs. 12 months post-CPOE, 12 months pre- vs. 12 months post-CPOE, three months pre- vs. three months post-CPOE vs. one month pre- and one month post-CPOE.
Variable | 24 months pre N = 1638 | 12 months post N = 898 | P-value | 12 months pre N = 813 | 12 months post N = 898 | P-value | 3-months pre N = 192 | 3-months post N = 239 | P-value | 1-month pre N = 69 | 1-month post N = 75 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age in years, mean ± SD | 52.1 ± 21.5 | 52.4 ± 21.1 | 0.74 | 51.7 ± 21.7 | 52.4 ± 21.1 | 0.51 | 50.1 ± 21 | 53.6 ± 21.1 | 0.09 | 48.0 ± 22.2 | 50.3 ± 21.0 | 0.52 |
Female gender, N (%) | 567 (34.7) | 349 (38.9) | 0.04 | 284 (34.9) | 349 (38.9) | 0.09 | 64 (33.3) | 97 (40.6) | 0.12 | 28 (40.6) | 32 (42.7) | 0.80 |
APACHE II, mean ± SD | 24.1 ± 9.4 | 24.2 ± 9.7 | 0.83 | 24.7 ± 9.6 | 24.2 ± 9.7 | 0.36 | 25.1 ± 10.2 | 25.1 ± 10.4 | 1.0 | 25.3 ± 9.3 | 24.7 ± 10.9 | 0.75 |
Source of admission, N (%) | ||||||||||||
Emergency department | 450 (27.5) | 179 (19.9) | 223 (27.4) | 179 (19.9) | 64 (33.3) | 50 (20.9) | 25 (36.2) | 22 (29.3) | ||||
Ward | 668 40.8) | 331 (36.9) | 0.0001 | 326 (40.1) | 331 (36.9) | < 0.0001 | 75 (39.1) | 101(42.3) | 0.02 | 28 (40.6) | 22 (29.3) | 0.14 |
Operating room | 418 (25.5) | 335 (39.8) | 214 (26.3) | 335 (39.8) | 43 (22.4) | 73 (30.5) | 14 (20.3) | 27 (36.0) | ||||
Other hospital | 100 (6.1) | 53 (5.9) | 43 (5.3) | 53 (5.9) | 10 (5.2) | 15 (6.3) | 2 (2.9) | 4 (5.3) | ||||
Main reason for admission, N (%) | ||||||||||||
Respiratory | 304 (18.6) | 150 (16.7) | 0.24 | 136 (16.7) | 150 (16.7) | 0.99 | 44 (22.9) | 46 (19.3) | 0.35 | 22 (31.9) | 16 (21.3) | 0.15 |
Cardiovascular | 514 (31.4) | 258 (28.7) | 0.16 | 269 (33.1) | 258 (28.7) | 0.05 | 47 (24.5) | 70 (29.3) | 0.26 | 11 (15.9) | 21 (28) | 0.08 |
Neurologic | 119 (7.3) | 66 (7.4) | 0.94 | 60 (7.4) | 66 (7.4) | 0.98 | 22 (11.5) | 23 (9.6) | 0.54 | 10 (14.5) | 2 (2.7) | 0.01 |
Other medical | 83 (5.1) | 35 (3.9) | 0.18 | 35 (4.3) | 35 (3.9) | 0.67 | 7 (3.7) | 8 (3.4) | 0.87 | 3 (4.4) | 1 (1.3) | 0.27 |
Non-operative trauma | 229 (14) | 83 (9.2) | 0.0005 | 108 (13.3) | 83 (9.2) | 0.008 | 30 (15.6) | 23 (9.6) | 0.06 | 9 (13) | 9 (12) | 0.85 |
Post-operative trauma | 387 (23.7) | 306 (34.1) | < 0.0001 | 205(25.2) | 306 (34.1) | < 0.0001 | 42 (21.9) | 69 (28.9) | 0.10 | 14 (20.3) | 26 (34.7) | 0.05 |
Cardiac arrest as admission diagnosis | 135 (8.3) | 45 (5.0) | 0.002 | 76 (9.4) | 45 (5.0) | 0.0005 | 17 (8.9) | 13 (5.4) | 0.17 | 6(8.7) | 2 (2.7) | 0.11 |
Sepsis on admission | 420 (25.7) | 251 (28.0) | 0.21 | 241 (29.6) | 251 (28.0) | 0.21 | 51 (26.6) | 67 (28.0) | 0.73 | 16 (23.2) | 19 (25.3) | 0.76 |
Chronic health illnesses, N (%) | ||||||||||||
Chronic liver disease | 259 (15.8) | 97 (10.8) | 0.0005 | 117 (14.4) | 97 (10.8) | 0.03 | 26 (13.5) | 32 (13.4) | 0.96 | 10 (14.5) | 7 (9.3) | 0.34 |
Chronic cardiovascular | 451 (27.6) | 289 (32.2) | 0.01 | 250 (30.8) | 289 (32.2) | 0.52 | 59 (30.7) | 114 (47.7) | 0.0004 | 24 (34.8) | 31 (41.3) | 0.42 |
Chronic respiratory | 413 (25.2) | 224 (24.9) | 0.87 | 259 (31.9) | 224 (24.9) | 0.0015 | 57 (29.7) | 94 (39.3) | 0.04 | 27 (39.1) | 26 (34.7) | 0.58 |
Chronic renal disease | 349 (21.3) | 157 (17.5) | 0.02 | 210 (25.8) | 157 (17.5) | < .0001 | 54 (28.1) | 64 926.8) | 0.76 | 19 (27.5) | 23 (30.7) | 0.68 |
Immunocompromised | 228 (13.9) | 124 (13.8) | 0.93 | 117 (14.4) | 124 (13.8) | 0.93 | 19 (9.9) | 42 (17.6) | 0.02 | 7 (10.1) | 11 (14.7) | 0.41 |
Glasgow coma scale | 9.2 ± 4.3 | 8.9 ± 4.5 | 0.17 | 8.7 ± 4.5 | 9.2 ± 4.3 | 0.01 | 8.4 ± 4.4 | 9.0 ± 4.2 | 0.15 | 8.4 ± 4.0 | 9.3 ± 4.0 | 0.22 |
Admission creatinine in μmol/L | 163 ± 161 | 158 ± 146 | 0.44 | 166 ± 164 | 158 ± 146 | 0.37 | 195 ± 214 | 162 ± 142 | 0.08 | 162 ± 170 | 167 ± 165 | 0.87 |
Admission INR | 1.6 ± 1.1 | 1.5 ± 0.8 | 0.10 | 1.6 ± 1.0 | 1.5 ± 0.8 | 0.24 | 1.5 ± 0.8 | 1.4 ± 1.0 | 0.57 | 1.4 ± 0.8 | 1.8 ± 1.5 | 0.09 |
Vasopressor use* | 822 (50.2) | 327 (36.4) | < 0.0001 | 373 (45.9) | 327 (36.4) | < 0.0001 | 92 (47.9) | 97 (40.6) | 0.13 | 28 (40.6) | 33 (44.0) | 0.68 |
Mechanically ventilated, No.% | 1265 (77.3) | 662 (73.7) | 0.04 | 636 (78.2) | 662 (73.7) | 0.03 | 152 (79.2) | 179 (74.9) | 0.29 | 55 (79.7) | 62 (82.7) | 0.65 |